[133], Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien journalists say they are often pressured by local authorities. [124], About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. It’s not unusual to see stretches of dry land in Niger, West Africa. In 1515 Aïr was conquered by Songhai, remaining a part of that empire until its collapse in 1591. The military court cannot try civilians.[99]. Niger remained a one-party state throughout this period, with Diori surviving a planned coup in 1963 and an assassination attempt in 1965; much of this activity was masterminded by Djibo Bakary's MSA-Sawaba group, which had launched an abortive rebellion in 1964. In. [38] Kountché died in November 1987 from a brain tumour, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Col. Ali Saibou, who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council four days later. [19] Formerly a small trading post inhabited by a mixture of Hausa and Tuaregs, the sultanate grew rich due to its strategic position on the Trans-Saharan trade routes. This makes it slightly less than twice the size of France, and the world's twenty-second largest country.[88]. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between Birni-N'Konni and Maine-Soroa, have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the Zarma and Songhai dominated the Niger River valley in the southwest; the northern periphery of Hausaland, made mostly of those states which had resisted the Sokoto Caliphate, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the Lake Chad basin and Kaouar in the far east, populated by Kanuri farmers and Toubou pastoralists who had once been part of the Kanem-Bornu Empire; and the Tuareg nomads of the Aïr Mountains and Saharan desert in the vast north. [112] Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Moreover, land potential for agriculture is very unevenly distributed among Niger’s regions, with the southern regions providing nearly 98 percent of the arable land. [110][111] Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. The events generated severe political and social unrest throughout the country.[38]. The reserve lacked proper management to ensure a healthy ecosystem. It is bounded on the northwest by Algeria, on the northeast by Libya, on the east by Chad, on the south by Nigeria and Benin, and on the west by Burkina Faso and Mali. The coup had been masterminded by Col. Seyni Kountché and a small military group under the name of the Conseil Militaire Supreme, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987. Tenere FM also runs a national independent television station of the same name. [97] The most important donors in Niger are France, the European Union, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and various United Nations agencies (UNDP, UNICEF, FAO, World Food Program, and United Nations Population Fund). It runs in a crescent through Mali, Niger, on the border with Benin and then through Nigeria, discharging through a massive delta, known as the Niger Delta, into the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. [18] The most common pronunciation is the French one of /niːˈʒɛər/, though in Anglophone media /ˈnaɪdʒər/ is also occasionally used. [38] The brutal methods of Voulet and Chanoine caused a scandal and Paris was forced to intervene; however when Lieutenant-Colonel Jean-François Klobb caught up with the mission near Tessaoua to relieve them of command he was killed. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the Hausa, Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism. [122] Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country. [38] In 1985 a small Tuareg revolt in Tchintabaraden was suppressed. It is based on the Code Napoleon "Inquisitorial system", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. [19], Several European countries already possessed littoral colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. As a result of this, France gained control of the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the areas of modern Mali and Niger). Other principal donors include the United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and Saudi Arabia. [19] The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate (see below), but was later captured by the French in 1899. [38] Meanwhile, Maïnassara instigated an IMF and World Bank-approved privatisation programme which enriched many of his supporters but were opposed by the trade unions. [56], Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the Dosso Kingdom, a Zarma polity founded in 1750 which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states; and the Dendi Kingdom on the Niger river, which had been founded by refugees fleeing the collapse of the Songhai Empire in 1591. Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. [67], President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of trade union and student demands to institute a multi-party democratic system. [43][45], In c. 1449 in the north of what is now Niger, the Sultanate of Aïr was founded by Sultan Ilisawan, based in Agadez. The economy is concentrated around subsistence agriculture, with some export agriculture in the more fertile south, and export of raw materials, especially uranium ore. Niger faces serious challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, inefficient agriculture, high fertility rates without birth control and resulting overpopulation,[17] the poor educational level and poverty of its people, lack of infrastructure, poor healthcare, and environmental degradation. [19][38][60] Though largely successful in subduing the sedentary populations of the south, the French faced considerably more difficulty with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a new constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. [127] There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.[128]. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative elections in October and November of the same year. [20][19] It is thought that these early humans lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. where a burial replete with many iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered. [38] It was also aided by the Arab invasion of North Africa at the end of the 7th century, which resulted in population movements to the south. [27][28][29][30][31], Towards the end of this period, up till the first centuries AD, societies continued to grow and become more complex, with regional differentiation in agricultural and funerary practices. Niger's area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. For its first 14 years as an independent state Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori. The river is the main source of freshwater and an important part of the economy through transportation and irrigation. On 24 July 2004, the first municipal elections in the history of Niger were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. On 26 May 2009, President Tandja dissolved parliament after the country's constitutional court ruled against plans to hold a referendum on whether to allow him a third term in office. Menu. [24][25][26] The Kiffian (circa 8000–6000 BC) and later Tenerian (circa 5000–2500 BC) cultures, centred on Adrar Bous and Gobero where numerous skeletons have been uncovered, flourished during this period. [38], Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. [114][115] Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the Songhai Empire in the west, and the influence of the Trans-Saharan trade traveling from the Maghreb and Egypt. The Mali Empire was a Mandinka empire founded by Sundiata Keita (r. 1230–1255) in circa 1230 and existed up to 1600. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. Additional education occurs through madrasas. Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology 1968. The conference was presided over by Prof. André Salifou and developed a plan for a transitional government; this was then installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. Food crisis worsening in West Africa after COVID-19... dailysabah.com - French Press Agency - AFP • 23h. The U.S. also is a major partner in policy coordination in such areas as food security and HIV/AIDS. Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World. West Africa / West Africa Niger. The Sahara and Central Sudan. Cambridge University Press, (1975), Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization.". [48][49] The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, largely thanks to the effort of Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210–1259), and grew rich from its control of many Trans-Saharan trade routes; much of eastern and south-eastern Niger, notably Bilma and Kaouar, was under Kanem's control in this period. The armed forces of Niger have been involved several military coups over the years with the most recent in 2010. The seven original Hausa states (often referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: Daura (state of queen Daurama), Kano, Rano, Zaria, Gobir, Katsina and Biram. "Mali Empire: The Rise of the Richest Civilization in West Africa", "How Did the Songhai Empire Dominate West Africa? French humanitarian workers, their Nigerien driver and a guide were killed, according to the authorities. The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, "RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004", Niger president rules by decree after court snub, "Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja", "Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election", "France ready to strike extremists on Libya border", "Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou set to exit power", "Niger election: Mohamed Bazoum wins landmark vote amid protests", "Niger: Attack on presidential palace an 'attempted coup, "Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Africa – Niger leader dissolves parliament", "West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory", "Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff", "Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election", Niger government adopts $2.53 bln budget for 2013, Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards, "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa", Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains, "Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information", "Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2012", "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity", International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, "The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation", International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger, "Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger", Dossier 17: The Muslim Religious Right ('Fundamentalists') and Sexuality, "U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says", SEMINAIRE-ATELIER DE FORMATION ET DE SENSIBILISATION "Mission de service public dans les entreprises de presse d’Etat et privée", Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database, Niger : Conseil de presse. Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism, Economic Community of West African States, Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale), Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." The chief administrator (governor) in each department is appointed by the government and functions primarily as the local agent of the central authorities. In the Sahel region countries, soldiers repeatedly violate the rights of civilians. Niger’s outgoing president wins $5m African leadership prize Mahamadou Issoufou awarded the 2020 Ibrahim Prize for leading his people on a ‘path of progress’. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. [38] Another rebellion, led by dissatisfied Toubou peoples claiming that, like the Tuareg, the Nigerien government had neglected their region, broke out in the east of the country. Niger subvisions were renamed in 2002, in the implementation of a decentralisation project, first begun in 1998. The attack took place just two days before newly-elected president, Mohamed Bazoum, was due to be sworn into office. Environmental issues in Niger include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure. The pre-2002 departments (renamed as regions) and capital district are: The economy of Niger centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest uranium deposits. Niger is a leading producer of uranium and is rich in many other minerals. Established by SERVIR-West Africa, a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) partner, the program is designed to encourage students, especially girls, in Niger to become more involved in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) subject areas. There were several attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being severely punished. As of 2018[update], the population of Niger was 22,442,831[14][15]. The Republic of Niger has a reputation for being the largest nation in West Africa, however, 80% of this land mass is covered by the Sahara desert. Tuareg expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the Kanem-Bornu Empire in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively Berber practices. Three of them—the Anfani Group, Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format FM networks in the major towns. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in southeastern Guinea. In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). [53][45] Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen Daurama and Bayajidda or (Abu Yazid according to certain Nigerien historians) who came from Baghdad. 8 Mar 2021 [19][38] The following centuries present a somewhat confused picture, though it seems that the sultanate entered a decline marked by internecine wars and clan conflicts. [38] Several parastatal companies were created, major infrastructure (building and new roads, schools, health centres) constructed, and there was minimal corruption in government agencies, which Kountché did not hesitate to punish severely. [38], In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to extend his presidency, which was opposed by other political parties, as well as being against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. Niger is one of the largest inland countries in West Africa and is historically a gateway between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. The country's name comes from the Niger River which flows through the west of the country; the origin of the river's name is uncertain, though a popular theory is that it comes from the Tuareg n'eghirren, meaning 'flowing water'. As a first step, administrative powers will be distributed among 265 communes (local councils); in later stages, regions and departments will be established as decentralized entities.
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