The three wrestled Eichmann to the ground and, after a struggle, moved him to a car where they hid him on the floor under a blanket. Some authors maintain that his father's name was Karl Adolf, for example, In September 1939, this department was renamed Section IV B4 of the. At the war's conclusion, Eichmann's father returned to the family and had a company in Linz. [158] As foreign lawyers had no right of audience before Israeli courts at the time of Eichmann's capture, Israeli law was modified to allow those facing capital charges to be represented by a non-Israeli lawyer. [140] Argentina requested an urgent meeting of the United Nations Security Council in June 1960, after unsuccessful negotiations with Israel, as they regarded the capture to be a violation of their sovereign rights. "[152], Eichmann's trial before a special tribunal of the Jerusalem District Court began on 11 April 1961. [191], Eichmann's defence team appealed the verdict to the Israeli Supreme Court. The trial—before Jewish judges by a Jewish state that did not exist until three years after the Holocaust—gave rise to accusations of ex post facto justice. [90][93] In spite of the orders to stop, Eichmann personally made arrangements for additional trains of victims to be sent to Auschwitz on 17 and 19 July. During World War I, Eichmann’s family moved from Germany to Linz, Austria. They planned to seize him when he was walking beside an open field from the bus stop to his house. [139], In Argentina, news of the abduction was met with a violent wave of antisemitism carried out by far-right elements, including the Tacuara Nationalist Movement. [29] He was assigned to study and prepare reports on the Zionist movement and various Jewish organisations. As Britain still controlled the Atlantic and her merchant fleet would not be at Germany's disposal for use in evacuations, planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled. [155][i] The trial was presided over by three judges: Moshe Landau, Benjamin Halevy and Yitzhak Raveh. [83] Eichmann held regular meetings in his Berlin offices with his department members working in the field and travelled extensively to visit concentration camps and ghettos. Once Eichmann finally was behind bars in Jerusalem in 1960, Israel prepared for the trial. Hannah Arendt, a German-born Jewish American political philosopher, covered the trial for The New Yorker. His family moved to Austria following the … His Appeal too, failed. [66] Eichmann was one of the officials who received regular detailed reports of their activities. [25], By 1934, Eichmann requested transfer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) of the SS, to escape the "monotony" of military training and service at Dachau. The Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, and their Jewish policy changed from emigration to extermination. [23] In late December, when this unit was dissolved, Eichmann was promoted to SS-Scharführer (squad leader, equivalent to corporal). [32][33] Eichmann was promoted to SS-Hauptscharführer (head squad leader) in 1936 and was commissioned as an SS-Untersturmführer (second lieutenant) the following year. März 1906 in Solingen; † 1. Later published as Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil, her articles’ portrayal of Eichmann as banal rather than demonic provoked a storm of debate that lasted for almost a decade. At stake was not only justice but also honour, as well as an opportunity to educate a new generation about the Holocaust. [5] ... his family moved to Linz, Austria. He held a series of low-paying jobs until finding employment at Mercedes-Benz, where he rose to department head. [208] The trial therefore greatly reduced the previously popular misconception that Jews had gone "like sheep to the slaughter". Adolf Eichmann was born in 1906 in Solingen, a small industrial city in the Rhineland. [152] In addition, Servatius submitted a request for clemency to Ben-Zvi and petitioned for a stay of execution pending his planned appeals for extradition to the West German government. Eichmann was frightened and attempted to leave, but two more Mossad men came to Malkin's aid. However, Eichmann did more than merely follow orders in coordinating an operation of this scale. Although accurate figures may never be known, it is estimated that some 6 million Jewish individuals died – men, women, and children from all over Europe. [187] He was deemed responsible for the dreadful conditions onboard the deportation trains and for obtaining Jews to fill those trains. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [213], In her 2011 book Eichmann Before Jerusalem, based largely on the Sassen interviews and Eichmann's notes made while in exile, Bettina Stangneth argues instead that Eichmann was an ideologically motivated antisemite and lifelong committed Nazi who intentionally built a persona as a faceless bureaucrat for presentation at the trial. [196] Eichmann immediately petitioned Israeli President Yitzhak Ben-Zvi for clemency. He announced plans to create a reservation in the General Government (the portion of Poland not incorporated into the Reich), where Jews and others deemed undesirable would await further deportation. As a clear decision to exterminate had been made by his superiors, the matter was out of his hands; he felt absolved of any guilt. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. From late April 1944, six weeks after Germany occupied Hungary, until early July, Eichmann and his aides deported some 440,000 Hungarian Jews. Such work was to earn Eichmann the title ‘Chief Executioner of the Third Reich’. The execution was prepared to take place at midnight on 31 May but was slightly delayed; Eichmann thus died a few minutes into 1 June. Ricardo is now a professor of archaeology at the German Archaeological Institute. Information collected by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency, confirmed his location in 1960. He escaped from a work detail at Cham, Germany, when he realised that his identity had been discovered. Eichmann arrived the same day, and was soon joined by top members of his staff and five or six hundred members of the SD, SS, and Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo, "Security Police"). [55] The job entailed co-ordinating with police agencies for the physical removal of the Jews, dealing with their confiscated property, and arranging financing and transport. [60][61] Horrendous conditions in the ghettos—severe overcrowding, poor sanitation, and a lack of food—resulted in a high death rate. One year later, with a similar mission, he was sent to Prague. [26] Mildenstein invited Eichmann to join his Jewish Department, Section II/112 of the SD, at its Berlin headquarters. The cabinet decided to recommend to President Ben-Zvi that Eichmann not be granted clemency,[200] and Ben-Zvi rejected the clemency petition. [132] During these days, Harel tried to locate Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor from Auschwitz, as the Mossad had information that he was also living in Buenos Aires. Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann standing in a protective glass booth during his trial in Israel in 1961. In 1934, Adolf Eichmann was appointed to the Jewish section of the “security services” of the SS.From then on, he became deeply involved with the formulation and operation of the “final solution to the Jewish question.” He drew up the idea of deportation of Jews into ghettos, and went about concentrating Jews in isolated areas with murderous efficiency.He took great pride in the role he played in the death of 6 … [6], Otto Adolf Eichmann,[a] the eldest of five children, was born in 1906 to a Calvinist Protestant family in Solingen, Germany. [77] The genocide was code-named Operation Reinhard in honour of Heydrich, who died in Prague in early June from wounds suffered in an assassination attempt. [184] During later examination by the judges, he admitted he meant the Jews, and said the remark was an accurate reflection of his opinion at the time. "[169] Defence attorney Servatius repeatedly tried to curb the presentation of material not directly related to Eichmann, and was mostly successful. He was a resourceful and proactive manager who relied on a variety of strategies and tactics to secure scarce cattle cars and other equipment used to deport Jews at a time when equipment shortages threatened the German war effort. To co-ordinate planning for the genocide, Heydrich, who was Eichmann's superior, hosted the regime's administrative leaders at the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942. [41] They prepared a report on their visit, which was published in 1982. [135], Near midnight on 20 May, Eichmann was sedated by an Israeli doctor on the Mossad team and dressed as a flight attendant. Under the Nisko Plan, Eichmann chose Nisko as the location for a new transit camp where Jews would be temporarily housed before being deported elsewhere. [20] His regiment was SS-Standarte 37, responsible for guarding the party headquarters in Linz and protecting party speakers at rallies, which would often become violent. We know that one doesn't need to be fanatical, sadistic, or mentally ill to murder millions; that it is enough to be a loyal follower eager to do one's duty. He worked as a traveling salesman in Oberösterreich (Upper Austria) for an oil company but lost his job during the Great Depression. "[212] The term "little Eichmanns" became a pejorative term for bureaucrats charged with indirectly and systematically harming others. Visitors included Hermann Goering, Heinrich Himmler, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, and Baron Leopold von Mildenstein. The screaming and…I was much too shaken and so on.” He averred that he had continued to oversee the deportation of victims but that he sought to keep his distance from the actual killing. [105] These documents enabled him to obtain an International Committee of the Red Cross humanitarian passport and the remaining entry permits in 1950 that would allow emigration to Argentina. He was found guilty on all of the charges, and was executed by hanging on 1 June 1962. The crimes perpetrated by the Nazis during Hitler’s reign against Jewish citizens were some of the worst recorded in history. There they met Feival Polkes, an agent of the Haganah, with whom they were unable to strike a deal. These events were factors in Eichmann's decision to return to Germany. Prosecutor Gideon Hausner also tried to challenge the portrayal of Jewish … [31] The couple had four sons: Klaus (born 1936 in Berlin), Horst Adolf (born 1940 in Vienna), Dieter Helmut (born 1942 in Prague) and Ricardo Francisco (born 1955 in Buenos Aires). On the night of May 31, 1962, he was taken from his cell and hanged. [50], After a posting in Prague to assist in setting up an emigration office there, Eichmann was transferred to Berlin in October 1939 to command the Reichszentrale für Jüdische Auswanderung ("Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration") for the entire Reich under Heinrich Müller, head of the Gestapo. Couldn’t! Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ultimately, the books were but a small part of the masses of information the staff of Bureau 06 – the special police unit established for the investigation and interrogation of Adolf Eichmann – would collect and verify, translate and catalog in the following nine months. [174], The defence next engaged in a lengthy direct examination of Eichmann. He worked as a travelling oil salesman beginning in 1927, and joined both the Nazi Party and the SS in 1932. He was tasked by SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich with facilitating and managing the logistics involved in the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and extermination camps in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe during World War II. [22] After he attended a training programme at the SS depot in Klosterlechfeld in August, Eichmann returned to the Passau border in September, where he was assigned to lead an eight-man SS liaison team to guide Austrian National Socialists into Germany and smuggle propaganda material from there into Austria. Adolf Eichmann was one of the most pivotal actors in the implementation of the “Final Solution.” Charged with managing and facilitating the mass deportation of Jews to ghettos and killing centers in the German-occupied East, he was among the major organizers of the Holocaust. [180] On the last day of the examination, he stated that he was guilty of arranging the transports, but he did not feel guilty for the consequences. [85][87] Eichmann toured northeastern Hungary in the last week of April and visited Auschwitz in May to assess the preparations. The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. After settling the controversy that arose over this Israeli violation of Argentine law, the Israeli government arranged his trial before a special three-judge court in Jerusalem. [205], The trial and the surrounding media coverage sparked renewed interest in wartime events, and the resulting increase in publication of memoirs and scholarly works helped raise public awareness of the Holocaust. [186][189] When considering the sentence, the judges concluded that Eichmann had not merely been following orders, but believed in the Nazi cause wholeheartedly and had been a key perpetrator of the genocide. [186] The judges declared him not guilty of personally killing anyone and not guilty of overseeing and controlling the activities of the Einsatzgruppen. Then and Now; ... stress that I am guilty of having been obedient,having subordinated myself to my official duties and the obligations of war service and my oath of allegiance and my oath of office, and in addition, once the war started, there was also martial law. [194] Eichmann's wife Vera flew to Israel and saw him for the last time at the end of April. [54] Within a few days of his appointment, Eichmann formulated a plan to deport 600,000 Jews into the General Government. The appeal was heard by a five-judge Supreme Court panel consisting of Supreme Court President Yitzhak Olshan and judges Shimon Agranat, Moshe Zilberg, Yoel Zussman, and Alfred Witkon. [64] Hitler continued to mention the Plan until February 1942, when the idea was permanently shelved. Following the war, U.S. troops captured Eichmann, but in 1946 he escaped from a prison camp. [192] The defence team mostly relied on legal arguments about Israel's jurisdiction and the legality of the laws under which Eichmann was charged. This law had previously been used to prosecute about 30 people, all but one of them Jewish Holocaust survivors, who were alleged to have been, Eichmann was a member of three of the organisations that had been declared criminal at the, the Central Agency for Jewish Emigration in Vienna, List of fugitives who are no longer sought, Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, "Eichmann Refused to Admit Guilt in Last-ditch Bid for Clemency", "SS-Obersturmbannführer (Retired): 'Eichmann Before Jerusalem,' by Bettina Stangneth", "Fifty Years After: A Critical Look at the Eichmann Trial", "Why Israel's Capture of Eichmann Caused Panic at the CIA", "Sleepwalker: Arendt, Thoughtlessness, and the Question of Little Eichmanns", "Ben-Gurion's bombshell: 'We've caught Eichmann, "Wie Eichmann vom Österreicher zum Deutschen wurde", "The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews", "Eichmann's final barb: 'I hope that all of you will follow me, "Hallaron pasaporte utilizado por Adolf Eichmann: será conservado en el Museo del Holocausto de Buenos Aires", "Pardon Plea by Adolf Eichmann, Nazi War Criminal, Is Made Public", "The trial of Adolf Eichmann and the protection of universal human rights under international law", "The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the 'Final Solution, "The Eichmann Case and the Distortion of History", "Eichmann's son: 'There is no way I can explain' deeds", "Ex-Mossad Agent: We Let Nazi Doctor Mengele Get Away", "Holocaust organizer sought clemency, saying he was 'mere instrument, "Israel Supreme Court Names Justices to Hear Eichmann's Appeal", "Israel to Pay Reward In Capture of Eichmann", "Special publication: Behind the scenes at the Eichmann Trial", "Wiesenthal Center Marks Eichmann Capture in Argentina Fifty Years Later", "Testimony of Rudolf Höss testimony at the Nuremberg Trials, April 15, 1946", Uncovering the Architect of the Holocaust: The CIA Names File on Adolf Eichmann, "Eichmann Tells His Own Damning Story (Part I)", "Adolf Eichmann: The Mind of a War Criminal", List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz, Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust, National Political Institute of Education, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Eichmann&oldid=1016731920, Escapees from United States military detention, German people convicted of crimes against humanity, People executed for crimes against humanity, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 8 April 2021, at 19:28. [150] Inspector Less noted that Eichmann did not seem to realise the enormity of his crimes and showed no remorse. [47], Within weeks of the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, Nazi policy toward the Jews changed from voluntary emigration to forced deportation. [8][9][d] The elder Adolf moved to Linz, Austria, in 1913 to take a position as commercial manager for the Linz Tramway and Electrical Company, and the rest of the family followed a year later. [206] The trial received widespread coverage by the press in West Germany, and many schools added material studying the issues to their curricula. As for the charges against him, Eichmann maintained that he had not violated any law and that he was “the kind of man who cannot tell a lie.” Denying responsibility for the mass killings, he said, “I couldn’t help myself; I had orders, but I had nothing to do with that business.” He was evasive in describing his role in the extermination unit and claimed that he was responsible only for transport. [167] In the case of the Sassen interviews, only Eichmann's hand-written notes were admitted into evidence. He stated that he disagreed with the vulgar anti-Semitism of Julius Streicher and others who contributed to the periodical Der Stürmer. History 04/03/20 Adolf Eichmann: how Mossad kidnapped from Argentina of Nazi war criminal . By the time the transports were stopped in July 1944, 437,000 of Hungary's 725,000 Jews had been killed. Home Breaking News 60 years ago - desk perpetrator or mass murderer? Most of the victims were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp, where about 75 per cent were murdered upon arrival. What I saw and heard was enough. [88] During the Nuremberg Trials, Rudolf Höss, commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp, testified that Himmler had told Höss to receive all operational instructions for the implementation of the Final Solution from Eichmann. [209], The use of "Eichmann" as an archetype stems from Hannah Arendt's notion of the "banality of evil". He later came to consider this as his big break. Home; Photos and Art. [81] Eichmann's office was responsible for collecting information on the Jews in each area, organising the seizure of their property, and arranging for and scheduling trains. From January to October 1934 he was attached to an SS unit at Dachau and then was appointed to the SS Sicherheitsdienst (“Security Service”) central office in Berlin, where he worked in the section that dealt with Jewish affairs. [138] They arrived in Israel on 22 May, and Ben-Gurion announced his capture to the Knesset the following afternoon. Eichmann was convicted for his role in organizing and carrying out the Holocaust and ultimately executed. [118] In 1957, Bauer passed along the information in person to Mossad director Isser Harel, who assigned operatives to undertake surveillance, but no concrete evidence was initially found. After an eight-month trial he was found guilty. [126], The team captured Eichmann on 11 May 1960 near his home on Garibaldi Street in San Fernando, Buenos Aires, an industrial community 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the centre of Buenos Aires. [127] The agents had arrived in April[128] and observed his routine for many days, noting that he arrived home from work by bus at about the same time every evening. He provided these photographs to Mossad agents on 18 February. [89] Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May, four trains of 3,000 Jews per day left Hungary and travelled to the camp at Auschwitz II-Birkenau, arriving along a newly built spur line that terminated a few hundred metres away from the gas chambers.
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