[45] The African-American philosopher Alain LeRoy Locke visited the Rhineland to investigate Morel's claims and found them mostly baseless. [20] Morel wrote France is "thrusting her black savages into the heart of Germany", saying these "primitive African savages, the carriers of syphilis, have become a horror and a terror". It must pulsate evenly throughout the German people, uniting them and driving them forward. The French called anyone from French West Africa "Senegalese" regardless if they actually came from Senegal or not; many of the "Senegalese" were not from Senegal. The Rheinische Frauenliga was in very close contact with E. D. Morel–a leading British radical liberal and an advocate of the viewpoint that the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh on Germany–and much of Morel's writings on the issue was based on reports provided to him by the Rheinische Frauenliga. [75] Nitti even went so far as to say he was shocked to see and hear "music gangs of Negroes and Berbers of Africa" play "African music programmes" on the "squares of the occupied cities". [42] Most of the complaints about violence by "colored" soldiers in Worms involved Moroccans, usually brawls in the streets, and Koller found that complaints about sexual violence from the Senegelese were "rare" with the mayor of Worms actually wanting the "well disciplined" Senegalese to stay rather than be replaced by the more combative Moroccans. [43], In the summer of 1920, Morel visited the Rhineland to investigate the matter himself, and in August 1920, he published his pamphlet The Horror on the Rhine. [33] Morel predicated the "black horror" would cause another world war, writing that the average German boy was thinking: "Boys these men raped your mothers and sisters" (emphasis in the original) . [15] The articles published by the Rheinische Frauenliga articulated "fantastical visions of imperialism and cultural decline" as the mass rapes alleged to be committed by the Senegalese became a metaphor for Franco-German relations. [17] E.D. [99] The hero of the novel is Baron von Yrsch, an aristocrat, former Prussian Army general, war hero and a friend of the former Emperor Wilhelm II who lives on his estate outside of an unnamed town in the Rhineland together with his beautiful daughter, whom the Senegalese naturally want to rape. "[25] The Foreign Minister, Dr. Adolf Köster, in a note to the Allied governments wrote: "if we should suffer from the occupation, we will accept the inferior discipline...among your white troops if only you will rid us of this black plague!"[25]. von mumde » Mo 23.05.05 13:23, Beitrag It is true that the defence of Reims does not cost a drop of French blood, it is Negroes who are sacrificed."[1]. Die Zaubersprüche der Schwarzen Magie sind sehr stark, wenn sie richtig durchgeführt werden. von Eva Blome » Mo 23.05.05 21:07, Beitrag Zu blöd, da ist mal ein interessanter Vortrag vor Ort und dann geht das an einem vorbei. I do not protest because I happen to be a Negro...I write because I feel that the ultimate result of your propaganda will be further strife and blood-spilling between whites and the many members of my race...who have been dumped down on the English docks since the ending of the European war...Bourbons of the United States will thank you, and the proletarian underworld of London will certainly gloat over the scoop of the Christian-Socialist pacifist Daily Herald. [41], The German historian Christian Koller in an exhaustive study of complaints made by the Rhinelanders against "colored" French occupation forces found that most of the complaints were of a petty nature, such as playing unauthorized football games in parks. [92] At the time, Beveridge had said in a speech that Hitler together with General Erich Ludendorff were her “German heroes”. Als „Schwarze Schmach“ (auch „Schwarze Schande“) wird eine hauptsächlich von Deutschland ausgehende, internationale Kampagne gegen den Einsatz französischer Kolonialtruppen (darunter Senegalesen und Turkos) während der Alliierten Rheinlandbesetzung bezeichnet. Nevertheless, French officers repeatedly ignored orders, as they led the French Army on various campaigns in Africa. [38] On 10 May 1920, the Prime Minister of Sweden, Hjalmar Branting, declared in a speech his belief in the truth of Morel's claims, saying that as a white man he was outraged that the French would deploy Senegalese troops in the Rhineland. [105] Marlene von Yrsch is blessed with all the beauty of her "race", having a "girly pristine charm", blonde hair worn in a "Greek node", "wise eyes", an "elegantly narrow face" with beautiful "curved brows" and a "slim shape" to her body. [82] Beveridge usually began her speeches with the remark: "Why do I come here, an American, to speak to you about the Schwarze Schmach ["black shame"]? [16] [29] The Central Committee of Women's Co-operative Guild in a statement expressed its "horror and indignation" at the use of Senegalese troops in the Rhineland, asked the British government pressure the French government to send all African troops back to Africa and called for an international agreement to ban "the use of any native African troops by any European power". Since Germany had been more or less disarmed by the Treaty of Versailles, it was not possible for the Reich to go to war with France, and the völkisch groups opposed to the Weimar Republic used the "black horror" stories as a way of attacking the Weimar Republic as an "emasculated" state incapable of standing up to France; such attacks especially resonated with right-wing men. Die Rheinische Jahrtausendfeier (auch Jahrtausendfeier der Rheinlande) im Jahr 1925 fand in den nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg besetzten Rheinlanden statt. Die schwarze Schande or Die schwarze Schmach ("the Black Shame" … 3 finde ich interessant! Hollywood, 02.März 2004 Unglaubliches ist in der Filmmetropole passiert! [134] During the offensive in June 1940 along the river Somme and during the pursuit into central France, the Wehrmacht massacred thousands of Senegalese taken prisoner to avenge the "black horror on the Rhine". [42] The historian Raffael Scheck wrote most German newspapers outside of the Rhineland ran the "Black Horror" stories, but in fact it seems that relations between the "colored" troops and the Rhinelanders were "mostly friendly, sometimes too friendly for the critics" as some Rhenish women gave birth to illegitimate children with African, Berber, Arab and Asian features known by the disparaging term, the Rhineland Bastards. [47] Two weeks later, the Christian Science Monitor retracted the editorial after receiving a letter from the French consul in Koblenz who showed that the total number of Senegalese in the Rhineland were 5 000, not the 50, 000 alleged by the Christian Science Monitor; that there had been a total of 13 reported cases of rape of German women by the Senegalese, not the thousands alleged by the CSM; and that in all 13 cases, the rapists had been sentenced to death after being convicted with the consul noting sharply that the French Army did not tolerate rapists in its ranks. Die schwarze Schande or Die schwarze Schmach ("the Black Shame" or "the Black Disgrace") were terms used by right-wing press as German nationalist propaganda in opposition to these events. Only numerical superiority and hunger had finally forced it to its knees. »The interconnections of discrimination: Gender, class, nation, and race and the ‘Black Shame on the Rhine’.« European Societies 11 (2009): 553-582. [61] As such, Morel believed that blacks being creatures of "strong emotions" needed to be protected from "modern civilization" which they were allegedly not capable of handling, which explained his campaigning against the Congo Free State which tried to bring modern work discipline to the Congo in the early 20th century. [96] Reventlow wrote that Jesus Christ had taught all Christians to love their neighbor, which he took to mean all Germans should love the Rhinelanders and hate the French, writing: "It is this national hatred that we need! [26] On 12 April 1920, Lansbury wrote again on the subject, saying if the French did not send the Senegalese back to Africa at once, "we shall have savages used to blackleg, and to coerce, the workers of all European countries". von Eva Blome » Mo 23.05.05 01:34, Beitrag [2], Under the terms of the armistice which ended the fighting on the Western Front on 11 November 1918, the Allies had the right to occupy the Rhineland, and during the negotiations the Germans had specifically demanded that no Senegalese be included in the French occupation force. [110] Reflecting Kreutzer's conservative politics, in Die Schwarze Schmach, the working class characters finally learn the SPD is a divisive force that weakens the German people by dividing the working class from the rest of the German people, and it is when the Rhenish working class learn to accept leadership from traditional elites such as the aristocracy and the industrialists that the German people can finally be united as one in the form of the Volksgemeinschaft to stand up to France, Germany's ancient archenemy which was responsible for the "black horror on the Rhine". Incitement of public hatred leading to a war of revenge in the indefinite future was much in evidence". [126] In Washington, Democratic Senator Gilbert Hitchcock in a speech on the Senate floor asked the administration of President Warren G. Harding "suggest to France the substitution of white troops for black on the Rhine". In June 1919 Philipp Scheidemann, the first democratically elected Chancellor of Germany, resigned when faced with the Allied ultimatum that it should be signed with none of the changes the German government had requested. In vielen Städten und Gemeinden im deutschen Rheinland wurden zur Demonstration der „nationalen Gesinnung“ u. a. Ausstellungen, Festumzüge, Demonstrationen und Gottesdienste veranstaltet. [52] One of the leading "black horror" propagandists, August Ritter von Eberlein, wrote: "Without her colored troops, France is not in a position in the present tense situation to maintain her militarism and imperialism". [36] In the spring and summer of 1920, Labour MPs repeatedly raised the issue of the "black horror" in the Rhineland and demanded the government do something to force the French to pull out their African soldiers. Nicht nur für Numismatik-Fans. [117] Collar wrote that in Kreutzer's novel, the "Black Horror" was "...almost subsidiary in his eyes to a bigger issue-the simple fact that Germany had lost the war. Leider verwenden Sie eine nicht mehr aktuelle Browser Version, die die Funktionen dieses Web-Auftritts nicht unterstützt.. Aus Sicherheitsgründen und für ein besseres Surf-Erlebnis bitten wir Sie Ihren Browser auf die neueste Version zu aktualisieren. DEUTSCHER NOT UND SCHMACH TALER SCHWARZE SCHMACH UND KULTURSCHANDE,DEUTSCHER NOT UND SCHMACH TALER in Brandenburg - Buckow (Märkische Schweiz) Hallo, im Anhang sind 2 Münzen aus Kupfer. [136] Unlike the alleged "black horror on the Rhine" which received much media coverage, the massacres of Senegalese POWs in June 1940 received little attention either at the time or afterwards, with most history books not even mentioning the massacres. The colonial troops referred to were soldiers from Senegal, Vietnam, and Madagascar. Literatur. [33] Army general Christopher Thomson published an article in The Daily Herald, which stated that based on his extensive service in Africa, that he knew about the "sexual proclivities" of Africans "who in default of their own race must have intercourse with European women". [47] The Auswärtige Amt attached so importance to the promoting the "Black Horror on the Rhine" stories that the German embassies in Lima and Santiago were ordered to make publicizing Die schwarze Schand their main priority. [44] The third edition of The Horror on the Rhine featured endorsed by the former German chancellor Prince Max of Baden; Jean Longuet of the French Socialist Party; four Socialist members of the Italian parliament; and General C. B. [18] The issue of the deployment of "colored" troops was first discussed in the Reichstag in January 1920. Rather than submit to this, Wolfgang Kapp gathered significant Army officers around him and launched the Kapp Putsch. [130], After 1921, the Reich government started to downplay the "Black Horror" propaganda, which had ruined tourism in the Rhineland, causing much resentment in a largely Catholic region that at very least wanted to break away from Protestant majority Prussia. [14] At their peak, the "colored" soldiers were 14% of the French occupation force in the Rhineland.[14]. Impressum [14] The British ambassador to Germany, Lord D'Abederon wrote: "The war increased the German's respect for, and his dislike of the English, but has done nothing to diminish his belief in his own superior sturdiness compared with the French. [47] Nelson described the pamphlets handed out by the German diplomats-some of which were written by "cranks" and which verged on the pornographic in their depiction of fair German girls being raped by brutish Africans-as presenting a long list of rapes said to be committed by the Senegalese against German women and girls on the orders of their French officers. To the idealists of the new Republic it offered a way for Germany to advance her cause abroad in the widest sense and to get away from the excesses of the Wilhelmine era...The Right saw things quite differently. [96] Yrsch complains about the weak Emperor who abdicated and left into exile while leaving his 70 million loyal subjects "in the abyss". [128], However, the French occupation of the Ruhr on 11 January 1923 caused the Auswärtige Amt to lose interest in the "black horror on the Rhine" story. Betrachtet man das Motiv, so erkennt man die Form eines Tellers. 4 Gebote. Wigger, Iris. Ohne das Gewicht auf die 2. Morel had written in a letter to the editor of The Nation on 27 March 1920 about the French who "thrust barbarians–barbarians belonging to a race inspired by Nature with tremendous sexual instincts into the heart of Europe". [70] In this regard, Nitti was strongly opposed to the Treaty of Versailles, which he called the "instrument of oppression" against Germany, the "most cultured nation" in the world. Beitrag Grüße, KAM. Aber schon bevor die wichtigen Fakten bekannt waren, wurden die Ereignisse in Erklär- und Deutungsmuster eingebunden, die bereits lange vor Silvester existierten. von Lutz12 » Mo 23.05.05 06:53, Beitrag von Eva Blome » Di 21.06.05 11:52, Zurück zu „Medaillen, Plaketten und Jetons“, Mitglieder in diesem Forum: 0 Mitglieder und 0 Gäste, Powered by phpBB® Forum Software © phpBB Limited, Datenschutz [103] The Lamprés pere and fils represent the elegantly cosmopolitan and Francophile Catholic middle classes of the Rhineland who often resented Prussian militarism as crude and overbearing, seeing themselves as a more civilized type of German. Likewise, the African soldiers of the French Army had played a significant role in the defeat of the Imperial German Army in the Second Battle of the Marne. I could quote innumerable examples with names and dates; and it must not be forgotten that almost all these men are infected with venereal diseases". [75] Nitti wrote for him it "seemed unbearable" that Germans whose nation was a "cradle of musical genius" to listen to "Negro music". Ich wuesste gerne mehr ueber diese Veraenderung. [120] Love letters between German women and their Senegalese boyfriends were published in French newspapers in attempt to show that the Senegalese were not the mindless brutes intent upon raping white women as claimed by the German government. [84], Beveridge's speeches were well attended and are described in contemporary newspaper reports as being greeted with huge applause, but others involved in the "black horror" campaign like Margarete Gärtner, the chairwoman of the Rheinische Frauenliga, regarded Beveridge as a liability as she was prone to making exaggerated and false claims in her speeches that were easily rebutted by the French. (emphasis in the original). Sammlermünzen in der Qualität Polierte Platte, oder Gold- und Silbermünzen in der Variante im Etui. [42] In Wiesbaden, relations between the Rhinelanders and the French occupation forces were more tense with references to brawls, property damage and "four cases of death caused by the colored troops", which was less than those that white French troops were accused of. [96] When the collaborating mayor orders Yrsch out of the town, thousands of the Burschenschaften (student fraternities) join forces with the town's workers in a demonstration to persuade him to stay. The "colored" troops in the Rhineland were conscripts from Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Madagascar and Vietnam. [66] Morel believed that the Africans were committing outrageous crimes against Germans in the Rhineland because the French had empowered them by least theoretically making them into black Frenchmen who were just as much citizens of the republic as anyone else. Another political current, the associationists advocated something along the lines of indirect rule as practised by the British. [22] Specifically, Morel believed the French would use their African troops to put down strikes by the white working-classes in Europe, and the theme of the French Army's Senegalese soldiers as a brutal force upholding capitalism was a recurring one in Morel's articles in The Daily Herald in 1919 and 1920. 619 ein sudetendeutscher Sozialdemokrat geehrt, der 1944 aus dem Gefängnis entlassen wurde. ihre Übergriffe auf die heimische Bevölkerung gemeint. [51] In 1921 the French government published a pamphlet La campagne contre les troupes noires, defending the Senegalese and pointing out inaccuracies in the articles by Morel and Beveridge's speeches, for instance, stating that 50, 000 Senegalese had not been stationed in the Rhineland with the total number of "colored" troops in the Rhineland numbering 25 000, of which 4 000 were Senegalese. [19], In early April 1920, Germany violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles by sending the Reichswehr into the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland, which led the French to occupy Frankfurt on 6 April 1920 as a reprisal, saying that they would not leave Germany's business capital until the Reichswehr left the demilitarized zone. Er gab sein Theater-Debüt 1952 mit dem Theaterstück Othello, seine erste Filmrolle hatte er 1959 an der Seite von Gary Cooper und Maria Schell in Der Galgenbaum.Es folgten zahlreiche Auftritte in Fernsehproduktionen wie Matlock, California Clan, Cagney & Lacey und von 1982 bis 1983 in Dallas als Walt Driscoll. [98], Kreutzer used Die Schwarze Schmach as a way of attacking the Weimar Republic which is portrayed as a weak and ineffective in face of the "black horror on the Rhine", and called for Germans to embrace a "strongman" leader who would rule as a dictator. As one German writer put it, "It is not the French fighting at Reims. Morel and the 'Black Horror on the Rhine, Racist coins created after World War I : The Watch on the Rhine / The Black Shame, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine&oldid=1015826228, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 April 2021, at 19:56. Geschlecht, Rasse, Nation und Klasse zeigen sich dabei als flexible, einander überlagernde, sich teilweise substituierende Kategorien, etwa wo die "Schwarze Schmach" als französischer Angriff auf die deutsche Frau, das deutsche Volk und die weiße Rasse gewertet und mit ihr der Zusammenhalt aller Deutschen und Weißen beschworen wird. Die Medaille mit dem Obelisk ist 1921 datiert, und es ist am Fuß des Obelisken ein Baby hinzugefügt. Endet am Heute, 20:06 MESZ 16Std 46 Min Lieferung an Abholstation. The concepts behind the new Republic were totally alien and were to be opposed at every opportunity. [126] By 1921, many mayors in the Rhineland were complaining in letters to the Reich government in Berlin that the "black horror" propaganda had been too successful, charging that the picture of the Rhineland overrun by Senegalese soldiers looting, raping and killing with impunity, had destroyed the tourist trade. It must act everywhere and at every moment against the French interloper. [47] The French writer Romain Rolland issued a statement approving of Morel's articles and declared: "The incredible blindness of statesmen who without realizing it are turning Europe over to the black and yellow continents, which they are armed with their own hands, is itself the unconscious instrument of Destiny". Help! [26] On the same day, The Daily Herald's headlines read: "Brutes in French Uniforms Danger to German women from 30, 000 Blacks Brothels not enough". Sie kamen überwiegend aus Nordafrika und dem Senegal. Another supporting character is Lampré, the son of a Rhineland industrialist and a Rhenish separatist who initially collaborates with the French, but sees the error of his ways when confronted with the "black horror" and in the climax of the novel saves Yrsch's daughter from being raped by a "mulatto" French Army officer by killing him. [6] Both, however, viewed the subject peoples as being in debt to their conquerors, who by dominating them offered the allegedly profound benefits of French culture. [112] In paternal relationship, aristocrats like Yrsch understand the problems of the working class, and argue for fair treatment of the workers by their employers, which was Kreutzer's way of saying that in the Volksgemeinschaft the German people would all be united together as a one big happy family. [41] Gannett found that there had been cases of rape of German women and girls by the Senegalese, but the total number was far smaller than what had been alleged by Morel; that white French troops had also raped German women, a matter that did not interest Morel very much; and that in rape cases "the French have inflicted severe punishment upon all soldiers guilty of transgressing against the civil population". [21] Like many other British leftists, Morel was bitterly opposed to the Treaty of Versailles which denounced as an unjust treaty which he blamed on a revanchist France. The Black Horror on the Rhine refers to a moral panic which was aroused in Germany and elsewhere concerning allegations of widespread crimes, especially sexual crimes, said to be committed by Senegalese and other African soldiers serving in the French Army during the French occupation of the Rhineland between 1918-1930.
Kleines Latinum Baden-württemberg,
Invino Bad Rappenau,
Residenztheater München Ensemble,
Unnötiges Herumfahren Schweiz,
Ss-dolch Blut Und Ehre,
Panorama Restaurant Lech,
Center Parcs Bewertung Niederlande,
Pmu Salzburg Login,
Sherlock Holmes Dressed To Kill,